Species diversity and distribution patterns of Hornbills (Bucerotiformes: Bucerotidae) in Pulau Banding, Perak, Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14004310Keywords:
Morisita Index, Conservation Strategies, Seed Dispersal, Ecotourism, Habitat PreservationAbstract
Hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae) play a crucial role in seed dispersal, essential for the maintenance of tropical rainforest biodiversity. This study aimed to document the species diversity and distribution patterns of hornbills in Pulau Banding, Perak, Malaysia, part of the Royal Belum State Park and the Belum-Temenggor Forest complex. Conducted in March 2023, the study established eight observation points spaced 600 meters apart. Hornbill species were identified through visual observations using Nikon Monarch 5 binoculars and by recognizing bird calls. The Morisita index was used to analyze distribution patterns, revealing an overall clumped distribution (Id = 1.60) across the island. The study recorded 45 individual hornbills representing five species: Oriental Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), Black Hornbill (Anthracoceros malayanus), Rhinoceros Hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros), Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus), and Wreathed Hornbill (Rhyticeros subruficollis). Variation in sightings across observation points was attributed to resource availability, habitat preferences, and human disturbances. Points with abundant food resources, like fig trees, and lower human activity had higher hornbill sightings. Based on the findings, several conservation actions are recommended: habitat preservation, water resource management, anti-poaching measures, ecotourism development, community involvement, and the use of GPS tracking and remote sensing technologies. This study provides valuable data for local conservation initiatives and supports global efforts to mitigate the decline of hornbill populations. The findings can influence policy and conservation efforts, ensuring the continued presence of hornbills and promoting Pulau Banding as a sustainable area that benefits both the community and the ecosystem. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring and detailed ecological studies to further explore hornbill ecology and interactions in Pulau Banding.
References
Acreman, M., Hughes, K. A., Arthington, A. H., Tickner, D., & Dueñas, M. A. (2020). Protected areas and freshwater biodiversity: A novel systematic review distils eight lessons for effective conservation. Conservation Letters, 13(1), e12684. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12684
Aik, Y. C., & Chye, L. (2020). Birds Of Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, Perak State, Peninsular Malaysia: An overview of ornithological research, checklist & selected bibliography. Malaysian Journal of Environmental Management, 11(1), 45-58
Aik, Y. C., Sema, R. B., & Kenabang, A. B. (2020). An incident of a hornbill that ‘fell from the sky’ in the Royal Belum State Park, Perak State, Peninsular Malaysia. Hornbill Natural History and Conservation, 26, 7-10.
Ardi, B., & Suardi, F. H. (2020, April). Determination of birdwatching tourism locations for red-knobbed hornbill (Rhyticeros cassidix) around Lake Lindu, Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 486, No. 1, p. 012014). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/486/1/012014
Bachri, S., Irawan, L. Y., Sholeha, A. W., & Aliman, M. (2021, May). Ecotourism development strategies of Pulau Merah Beach, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 747, No. 1, p. 012006). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/747/1/012006
Blanton, A., Ewane, E. B., McTavish, F., Watt, M. S., Rogers, K., Daneil, R., ... & Mohan, M. (2024). Ecotourism and mangrove conservation in Southeast Asia: Current trends and perspectives. Journal of Environmental Management, 365, 121529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.121529
Borah, B. (2023). We Travel Together: Examining the drivers and functions of animal movement in biotic seed dispersal (Doctoral dissertation, Utah State University). Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/8342
Butturi-Gomes, D., & Petrere Jr, M. (2020). Edge influence and population aggregation: On point and interval statistical performances of Morisita patchiness index estimators in different sampling schemes. Ecological Indicators, 108, 105736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105736
Carvalho, C. D. S., García, C., Lucas, M. S., Jordano, P., & Côrtes, M. C. (2021). Extant fruit‐eating birds promote genetically diverse seed rain but disperse to fewer sites in defaunated tropical forests. Journal of Ecology, 109(2), 1055-1067. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13537
Combrink, L., Combrink, H. J., Botha, A. J., & Downs, C. T. (2020). Habitat preferences of Southern Ground-hornbills in the Kruger National Park: Implications for future conservation measures. Scientific Reports, 10, 16195. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73255-3
Corlett, R. T. (2021). Frugivory and seed dispersal. In Plant-animal interactions: Source of biodiversity (pp. 175-204). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76577-1_7
de Freitas Alves, G., & de Santana, D. G. (2022). Why do traditional dispersion indices used for the analysis of the spatial distribution of plants tend to become obsolete? Population Ecology, 64(2), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-390X.12055
Dzitse, S. (2014). Distribution and abundance of hornbills in some selected matrices/landscapes in southern Ghana (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Coast). University of Cape Coast Institutional Repository.
Francis, O., Ogundare, G. A., & Oluseye, A. R. (2024). Food preference and foraging ecology of the black and white Casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subeylindricus) in Okomu National Park, Nigeria. Sustainability and Biodiversity Conservation, 3(1), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12392-024-00109-3
Francolin, C. (2022). HONEYGUIDE. Journal of Bird Watching, 2(4), 150-160.
Hidayat, R. A., Febriani, N., Hanif, M., & Rahman, H. (2020). Modeling of conservation priority zone for the helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) in Silokek Geopark Area, West Sumatra. Environmental Conservation Journal, 21(2), 131-142.
Kemp, L. V., Birss, C., Smit-Robinson, H. A., Kotze, A., Tate, G., & RM, L. (2023). Biodiversity Management Plan for the Southern Ground-Hornbill in South Africa. Version 1.0, Jointly developed by the South African Southern Ground-Hornbill Action Group and the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries.
Kitamura, S., Yumoto, T., Noma, N., Chuailua, P., Maruhashi, T., Wohandee, P., & Poonswad, P. (2008). Aggregated seed dispersal by wreathed hornbills at a roost site in a moist evergreen forest of Thailand. Ecological Research, 23(5), 943-952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-008-0462-3
Kragt, M. E., Hay, E., Scheufele, G., Bennett, J., & Renton, M. (2020). Predicting the effectiveness of community anti‐poaching patrols for conserving threatened wildlife in the Lao PDR. Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(2), 320-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13503
Krebs, C. (1989). Ecological methodology (2nd ed.). Harper & Row.
Kriswanto, E., Pratama, R., Khairunnisa, R. N., & Aryanti, N. A. (2024, February). Potential plants for wreathed hornbill (Rhyticeros Undulatus) feed in the Mendiro forest preserve, East Java. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 3001, No. 1). AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0055146
Kueffner, K. (2023). Utilizing passive acoustic monitoring to investigate occupancy patterns of babblers in native and planted forests in Sarawak, Malaysia (Doctoral Dissertation, The Evergreen State College). https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2023.2229134
Long, K. (2020). What birds eat: How to preserve the natural diet and behavior of North American birds. Mountaineers Books.
Mohd-Azlan, J., Pengiran, P., Maiwald, M. J., Chas, N. B. J., Robert, L. A., & Noske, R. A. (2023). Diversity and relative abundance of hornbills in selectively-logged production forests in Central Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. KUKILA, 24, 1-10.
Mokhter, N., Akhsan, M. A., Amran, M. A., Lee, T. J., Zainal, Z., & Bakar, M. A. (2022). Bird composition in forest and coastal zone of Pulau Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. Journal Of Sustainability Science and Management, 17(11), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2022.11.001
Mudereri, B. T., Chitata, T., Chemura, A., Makaure, J., Mukanga, C., & Abdel-Rahman, E. M. (2021). Is the protected area coverage still relevant in protecting the Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) biological niche in Zimbabwe? Perspectives from ecological predictions. GIScience & Remote Sensing, 58(3), 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.1901717
Munian, K., Mahyudin, N. A. A., & Azman, S. M. (2023). Understorey bird assemblages in selected environmentally sensitive areas (ESA) of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Biodiversity Data Journal, 11, e103823. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e103823
Naniwadekar, R., Mishra, C., Isvaran, K., & Datta, A. (2021). Gardeners of the forest: Hornbills govern the spatial distribution of large seeds. Journal of Avian Biology, 52(11), e02828. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02828
Ng, Y. H. (2020). Assessment of animal diversity in Pulau Tinggi, Mersing, Johor for conservation and indicator for potential wildlife tourism (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia). https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2020.07.003
Noor-Faezah, M., Nur-Aizatul, T., Tingga, R. C. T., Bukhori, M. F., Mohd-Azlan, J., Denel, A., ... & Abd Rahman, M. R. (2023). A brief review of Bornean banded langur Presbytis chrysomelas (Müller, 1838) of Sarawak. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 7(4), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2023.151214.1009
Nor, A. N. M., Jamil, R. M., Aziz, H. A., Abas, M. A., Hambali, K. A., Hassin, N. H., ... & Grafius, D. (2022). Spatial distribution of COVID-19 infected cases in Kelantan, Malaysia. Sustainability, 14(21), 14150. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114150
Ong, L. (2021). The ecological functions of Asian elephants in the Sundaic rainforest: Herbivory and seed dispersal (Doctoral dissertation, National University of Singapore). https://doi.org/10.26492/EVAN.2021.12.010
Pawar, P. Y., Mudappa, D., & Raman, T. S. (2021). Hornbill abundance and breeding incidence in relation to habitat modification and fig fruit availability. Ibis, 163(2), 473-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12916
Philovenny, P., & Mohd-Azlan, J. (2023). How do people in the “Land of Hornbills” perceive hornbills? Bird Conservation International, 33, e5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095927092300025X
Pradhan, K., Datta, A., Ganguly, D., Naniwadekar, R., Mahato, S., Dukpa, K., ... & Roy, A. B. (2024). Hornbill abundance and habitat relationships in a human-impacted protected area in the Indian Eastern Himalaya. Global Ecology and Conservation, 51, e02868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02868
Ramli, R. R., Kamal, N. A., & Zafik, N. N. K. (2024). The assessment of Royal Belum State Park as a World Heritage Site. Geografia, 20(2), 82-94. https://doi.org/10.54672/GGEO2024
Reintar, A. R. T., Paguntalan, L. J., Jakosalem, P. G. C., Al Christian, D. Q., Warguez, D. A., & Peñaranda, E. (2022). Habitat preference and population density of threatened Visayan hornbills Penelopides panini and Rhabdotorrhinus waldeni in the Philippines. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 14(3), 20713-20720. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8323.14.3.20713-20720
Rheindt, F. E., Gwee, C. Y., Baveja, P., Ferasyi, T. R., Nurza, A., & Rosa, T. S. (2020). A taxonomic and conservation re-appraisal of all the birds on the island of Nias. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 68. 451-472.
Rose, P. (2021). Evidence for aviculture: Identifying research needs to advance the role of ex-situ bird populations in conservation initiatives and collection planning. Birds, 2(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2010007
Sibarani, M. C., Utoyo, L., Pratama, R. D., Danus, M. A., Sudrajat, R., Surahmat, F., & Marthy, W. (2020). Long-term monitoring of nesting behavior and nesting habitat of four sympatric hornbill species in a Sumatran lowland tropical rainforest of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. Hornbill Natural History and Conservation, 1, 13-20.
Squires, T. M. (2023). 'Survival ecology': An urgent ecological study of birds imperilled by the cage-bird trade across Java and Bali, Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation, Manchester Metropolitan University). https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916520982562
Stander, M. C., Van de Ven, T. M., & Engelbrecht, D. (2021). Observations of nesting strategies of three African hornbill species. Journal of African Ornithology, 92(4), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2021.193407
Su, S., Guetse, F., & Arcilla, N. (2024). A price on their heads? Assessing foreign demand as a driver of hornbill hunting in Cameroon. Global Ecology and Conservation, 51, e02905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02905
Suttidate, N. (2022). Evaluating the utility of protected area status and conservation legislation in tropical forest conservation using satellite data: A case study of the great hornbill in Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 38(3), 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646742200003X
Talaat, W. I. A. W., & Asma, W. I. (2020). Revisiting the status of the Malaysian laws and policies on biodiversity. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 15(6), 198-206. https://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2020.15.008
Teampanpong, J., Da-ouli, N., Thiensongrusamee, P., Phongkieo, N. T., & Poonswad, P. (2024). Social determinants of success of community-based hornbill conservation in Thailand. Global Ecology and Conservation, 51, e02883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02883
Wee, S. Q., Teo, J. J., Teepol, B., Jelembai, H. N., Au, N. J., Yeap, C. A., & Jain, A. (2024). Identifying Important Hornbill Landscapes in Sarawak, Malaysia. Global Ecology and Conservation, 50, e02828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02828
Wijerathne, I., Panduwawala, P., & Wickramasinghe, S. (2023). Food availability and food selectivity of Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill Ocyceros gingalensis Shaw, 1811 in Mihintale Sanctuary, Sri Lanka. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 15(1), 22399-22409. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9309.15.1.22399-22409
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sustainability and Biodiversity Conservation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
